JavaScript Objects & Properties

// 1. Object Literals (Most Common)
const person = {
    name: "John Doe",
    age: 30,
    email: "john@example.com",
    greet() {
        return `Hello, my name is ${this.name}`;
    }
};

console.log(person.name); // "John Doe"
console.log(person.greet()); // "Hello, my name is John Doe"

// 2. Constructor Functions
function Person(name, age, email) {
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.email = email;
    this.greet = function() {
        return `Hello, my name is ${this.name}`;
    };
}

const john = new Person("John Doe", 30, "john@example.com");
const jane = new Person("Jane Smith", 25, "jane@example.com");

console.log(john.greet()); // "Hello, my name is John Doe"
console.log(jane.greet()); // "Hello, my name is Jane Smith"

// 3. Object.create()
const personProto = {
    greet() {
        return `Hello, my name is ${this.name}`;
    }
};

const alice = Object.create(personProto);
alice.name = "Alice Johnson";
alice.age = 28;

console.log(alice.greet()); // "Hello, my name is Alice Johnson"

// 4. Class Syntax (ES6+)
class PersonClass {
    constructor(name, age, email) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.email = email;
    }
    
    greet() {
        return `Hello, my name is ${this.name}`;
    }
    
    getAge() {
        return this.age;
    }
}

const bob = new PersonClass("Bob Wilson", 35, "bob@example.com");
console.log(bob.greet()); // "Hello, my name is Bob Wilson"

// 5. Factory Functions
function createPerson(name, age, email) {
    return {
        name,
        age,
        email,
        greet() {
            return `Hello, my name is ${this.name}`;
        },
        getAge() {
            return this.age;
        }
    };
}

const charlie = createPerson("Charlie Brown", 40, "charlie@example.com");
console.log(charlie.greet()); // "Hello, my name is Charlie Brown"

// Object property access
const user = {
    firstName: "John",
    lastName: "Doe",
    age: 30,
    "full name": "John Doe", // Property with spaces
    address: {
        street: "123 Main St",
        city: "New York",
        zipCode: "10001"
    },
    hobbies: ["reading", "coding", "gaming"],
    greet() {
        return `Hello, I'm ${this.firstName} ${this.lastName}`;
    }
};

// Dot notation
console.log(user.firstName); // "John"
console.log(user.age); // 30
console.log(user.greet()); // "Hello, I'm John Doe"

// Bracket notation
console.log(user["firstName"]); // "John"
console.log(user["full name"]); // "John Doe" (for properties with spaces)
console.log(user["age"]); // 30

// Nested object access
console.log(user.address.city); // "New York"
console.log(user["address"]["city"]); // "New York"

// Array property access
console.log(user.hobbies[0]); // "reading"
console.log(user.hobbies.length); // 3

// Adding properties
user.email = "john@example.com";
user["phone"] = "555-1234";
console.log(user.email); // "john@example.com"
console.log(user.phone); // "555-1234"

// Deleting properties
delete user.age;
console.log(user.age); // undefined

// Checking if property exists
console.log("firstName" in user); // true
console.log("age" in user); // false
console.log(user.hasOwnProperty("firstName")); // true
console.log(user.hasOwnProperty("toString")); // false (inherited)

// Object methods and 'this' context
const calculator = {
    value: 0,
    
    add(num) {
        this.value += num;
        return this;
    },
    
    subtract(num) {
        this.value -= num;
        return this;
    },
    
    multiply(num) {
        this.value *= num;
        return this;
    },
    
    divide(num) {
        if (num !== 0) {
            this.value /= num;
        } else {
            console.error("Cannot divide by zero");
        }
        return this;
    },
    
    getValue() {
        return this.value;
    },
    
    reset() {
        this.value = 0;
        return this;
    }
};

// Method chaining
const result = calculator
    .add(10)
    .multiply(2)
    .subtract(5)
    .divide(3)
    .getValue();

console.log(result); // 5

// 'this' context issues
const user = {
    name: "John",
    greet() {
        return `Hello, ${this.name}!`;
    }
};

console.log(user.greet()); // "Hello, John!"

// 'this' context lost when method is assigned to variable
const greetFunction = user.greet;
console.log(greetFunction()); // "Hello, undefined!"

// Solutions for 'this' context
// 1. Arrow functions (lexical 'this')
const user2 = {
    name: "Jane",
    greet: () => {
        return `Hello, ${this.name}!`; // 'this' refers to global scope
    }
};

// 2. Bind method
const user3 = {
    name: "Bob",
    greet() {
        return `Hello, ${this.name}!`;
    }
};

const boundGreet = user3.greet.bind(user3);
console.log(boundGreet()); // "Hello, Bob!"

// 3. Call and Apply methods
const user4 = {
    name: "Alice"
};

function greet(greeting) {
    return `${greeting}, ${this.name}!`;
}

console.log(greet.call(user4, "Hi")); // "Hi, Alice!"
console.log(greet.apply(user4, ["Hello"])); // "Hello, Alice!"

// Exercise: Create a Book Management System
// 1. Create a Book class
class Book {
    constructor(title, author, year, isbn) {
        this.title = title;
        this.author = author;
        this.year = year;
        this.isbn = isbn;
        this.isAvailable = true;
    }
    
    borrow() {
        if (this.isAvailable) {
            this.isAvailable = false;
            return `${this.title} has been borrowed.`;
        } else {
            return `${this.title} is not available.`;
        }
    }
    
    return() {
        this.isAvailable = true;
        return `${this.title} has been returned.`;
    }
    
    getInfo() {
        return `${this.title} by ${this.author} (${this.year}) - ISBN: ${this.isbn}`;
    }
}

// 2. Create a Library class
class Library {
    constructor(name) {
        this.name = name;
        this.books = [];
    }
    
    addBook(book) {
        this.books.push(book);
        return `${book.title} added to ${this.name}`;
    }
    
    removeBook(isbn) {
        const index = this.books.findIndex(book => book.isbn === isbn);
        if (index !== -1) {
            const removedBook = this.books.splice(index, 1)[0];
            return `${removedBook.title} removed from ${this.name}`;
        }
        return "Book not found";
    }
    
    findBook(isbn) {
        return this.books.find(book => book.isbn === isbn);
    }
    
    listAvailableBooks() {
        return this.books.filter(book => book.isAvailable);
    }
    
    getBookCount() {
        return this.books.length;
    }
}

// 3. Test the system
const library = new Library("My Library");

const book1 = new Book("JavaScript Guide", "John Doe", 2023, "123-456-789");
const book2 = new Book("React Basics", "Jane Smith", 2024, "987-654-321");
const book3 = new Book("Node.js Advanced", "Bob Wilson", 2023, "456-789-123");

library.addBook(book1);
library.addBook(book2);
library.addBook(book3);

console.log("Library:", library.name);
console.log("Total books:", library.getBookCount());

console.log(book1.borrow());
console.log(book2.borrow());
console.log(book1.return());

console.log("Available books:", library.listAvailableBooks().length);

// 4. Challenge: Add more features
// - Search books by title or author
// - Track borrowing history
// - Calculate overdue fees
// - Add categories/genres